The Theory Of Cognitive Development - 1127 Words

Introduction Infancy and early childhood is a crucial time for development. This stage of life occurs between birth and about the age of 3. This life stage really lays the groundwork for the path an individual will take in life. Hiccups in the path now, may lead to more hiccups in the future. Many developmental milestones occur during this early stage of life. A few of the key milestones are language acquisition, emotional development, motor development and gender identity development. Three men by the names of Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and John Bowlby have theorized what happens in this stage of life. Theorists Piaget came up with the Theory of cognitive development. The theory of cognitive development has four stages. Sensorimotor is the first stage. The first stage of Piaget s theory lasts from birth to approximately about the age of two. This stage is centered on the infant trying to make sense of the world around them through hearing, seeing, smelling, touching, tasting, and feeling. Erik Erikson developed the theory of Psychosocial Development. The first stage is this theory is titled trust vs. mistrust which occurs from birth to about 18 months of age. Erikson’s theory is centered on the infant s basic needs being met by primarily a mother figure. When infant’s basic needs are being met consistently they learn to develop a sense of trust. When infant’s basic needs are not being met predictably and consistently the infant begins to develop mistrust. LastlyShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Cognitive Development1025 Words   |  5 PagesMany philosophers have developed theories of how individuals learn over the decades. As an individual progresses through life from childhood to adulthood, the manner in which they take in knowledge, and mature is the basic theory of cognitive development. Cognitive development can be described as how an individual’s thought process develops, and how these thought processes impact how an individual comprehends and interacts in the world. The psychology theorists of the past have shaped the classroomsRead MoreThe Theory Of Cognitive Development1647 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of cognitive development has played an influential role in the field of education by providing teachers with methods of pedagogy that maximise their student’s potential. This essay will address both Piagetian and Vygotskian theories on cognitive development in relation to the given scenario of year eight science students. We will look at how the teacher, Anne, has used relevant aspects of both theories within her classroom as well as any shortcomings of the theories in the class. Upon readingRead MoreThe Theory Of Cognitive Development925 Words   |  4 PagesThe development of children to an adult is a vast yet intricate process. Many psychologists today believe that the development of an infant involves acquiring intellectual abilities. This process involves the child maturing physically much like how an infant would mature to adulthood. The core issue of this reading is that how children develop and learn through the stages of life to an adult. Piaget, one of most influential researchers in the history of psychology, not only revolutionized developmentalRead MoreThe Theory Of Cognitive Development1752 Words   |  8 Pagesspecific, or sequential and elaborate. Piaget believed that cognitive development in children is contingent on four factors: biological maturation, experience with the physical environment, experience with the social environment, and equilibration. Equilibration refers to the biological drive to produce an optimal state of equilibrium between people’s cognitive structures and their environment (Duncan, 1995) During each stage of development, people ‘s conduct themselves with certain logical internalRead MoreThe Theories Of Cognitive Development1936 Words   |  8 Pagespsychology, cognitive development is the process that allows people to know, understand and think about the world (Feldman, 2012). It studies how children process and gain information at a particular age and how learning mechanisms change and evolve over time. There are many theories among parents, teacher and physicians of how children grow and develop. Piaget, Erikson, Skinner and Vygotsky are all developmental theorists who studied child development. Theorists have their own ideas of cognitive developmentRead MoreTheories Of Development : Piagets Theory Of Cognitive Development1363 Words   |  6 PagesPiagets theory of cognitive development In the 1960s and 1970s, the Freudian psychology was changed with the initiation of the empirical methods to study the human behavior. Psychologist and philosopher Jean Piaget empirically verified, moving towards the cognitive development theory to provide the new perspective to the individual in getting awareness about the developmental stages of the children. Just like Freud, Piaget thought that human development could only be described in stages. On theRead MoreCognitive Theory And Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Theory Essay2016 Words   |  9 Pageslearning expansion in general and play a vital fragment of early childhood development. They all accept that cognitive learning is relatively systematic and takes place gradually at a variety of rates. Learning only occurs when experience causes a permanent change in an individual’s knowledge or behaviour (Weatherby-Fell, N. 2013). I am reviewing Burrus Federic Skinner’s behavioural theory and Jean Piaget cognitive dev elopment theory. This report style essay will provide an overview of the two theoristsRead MoreThree Theories of Cognitive Development1674 Words   |  7 PagesThree Theories of Cognitive Development The Swiss psychologist and philosopher Jean Piaget (1896-1980) is well-known for his work towards the cognitive sciences. Arguably one of his most important contributions involves his theory of cognitive development. In this theory, thinking progresses through four distinct stages between infancy and adulthood. Similar in scope to Piaget’s theory is Information Processing, in which human thinking is based on both mental hardware and mental software (KailRead MorePiagets Theory of Cognitive Development1173 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive development is the development of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. Historically, the cognitive development of children has been studied in a variety of ways. The oldest is through intelligence tests. An example of this is the Stanford Binet Intelligence Quotient test. IQ scoring is based on the concept of mental age, according to which the scores of a child of average intelligence matchRead MoreTheory of Cognitive Development and Children1466 Words   |  6 PagesPiaget s Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget was born on August9, 1896, in the French speaking part of Switzerland. At an early age he developed an interest in biology, and by the time he had graduated from high school he had already published a number of papers. After marrying in 1923, he had three children, whom he studied from infancy. Piaget is best known for organizing cognitive development into a series of stages- the levels of development corresponding too infancy, childhood

Utilitarianism, by John Stuart Mill Essay - 1393 Words

Explain why Mill distinguishes between higher and lower pleasures and assess whether he achieves his aim or not. In his essay, Utilitarianism Mill elaborates on Utilitarianism as a moral theory and responds to misconceptions about it. Utilitarianism, in Mill’s words, is the view that  »actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. «1 In that way, Utilitarianism offers an answer to the fundamental question Ethics is concerned about: ‘How should one live?’ or ‘What is the good or right way to live?’. In the first chapter, General Remarks, Mill points out that, even after 2000 years, this fundamental question remains controversial. In his opinion, neither the idea†¦show more content†¦In fact, differences in the quality of a pleasure must be considered as well as differences in quantity. Mill argues that differences in quality are to be measured in preferences rather than quality. quot;Of two pleasures, if there be one to which all or almost all who have experience of both give a decided preference, irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, that is the more desirable pleasure.quot;6 Ergo, Mill distinguishes between higher and lower pleasures in order to respond to The Philosophy of Swine Objection. However, the distinction between quality and quantity is not new. Mill himself asserts that  »utilitarian writers in general have placed the superiority of mental over bodily pleasures. «7 What is new in Mill’s theory is that he rejects to measure pleasure in any kind of numerical scale. His scale is an ordinal scale, in which pleasures are ordered in terms of preference, i.e. pleasure A is greater than pleasure B and so on. The problem with that measurement is that it is not transitive, which means that if pleasure A is greater than pleasure B and pleasure B is greater than pleasure C, it does not follow that pleasure A is greater than pleasure C, simply because we are not talking about quantity but quality. For example, I may prefer banana ice cream to chocolate ice cream, and I may prefer chocolate ice cream to strawberry ice cream, but I may also prefer strawberry ice cream toShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill And Utilitarianism880 Words   |  4 Pagessometimes hard to define, but with John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism it is a little bit easier. Utilitarianism is an easy one, for the reason that it is defined by the greatest happiness for everyone involved. Sometimes it does not always make everyone content, but if you look at it as a whole it makes sense. Mill says that we have to look at the bigger picture. One person’s happiness affects another’s and so on. Utilitarianism is a moral theory that John Stuart Mill, the philosopher, formulated toRead MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill1365 Words   |  6 Pages In John Stuart Mill’s book Utilitarianism, he argues for the defense of utilitarianism, an age old theory originally developed by Jeremy Bentham that states the proper course of action is the one that maximizes happiness. The course of action that maximizes general happiness is also the only true standard for moral assessment. Mill also introduces the idea of ‘first principle’ which states that it is not acceptable for individuals to characterize actions as either ‘good’ or ‘bad’, because it isRead MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill1372 Words   |  6 PagesAct Utilitarianism is a long standing and well supported philosophical argument that when boiled down to its most basic elements, can be described as creating â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number† (122). Such was the sentiment of John Stuart Mill, one of act utilitarianism’s (also known as just utilitarianism) greatest pioneers, and promoters. Mills believed that his theory of always acting in a way that achieved the greatest net happiness was both superior to other philosophical theories andRead MoreUtilitarianism By John Stuart Mill1805 Words   |  8 PagesIn his book Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill presents his exposition and h is major defenses of the philosophy of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism, a theory in ethics developed by the philosopher Jeremy Bentham, focuses on a concept of utility that focuses on deciding if actions are morally right or wrong by analyzing the pleasure and pain they cause. In other words, if an action causes primarily pleasure for all parties, then it must be good and right; however, if it causes pain for the parties involvedRead MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill1599 Words   |  7 PagesUtilitarianism is a doctrine in normative ethics that is outlined and defended by many philosophers, including the English philosopher John Stuart Mill as a standard to determine what are right and wrong actions. At its most basic claim, the right course of action one must take should be in the interest of maximizing what is known as utility. The right course of action is determined as being right if it maximizes the total benefit and happiness gained, while at the same time reducing the g reatestRead MoreThe Utilitarianism By John Stuart Mill984 Words   |  4 PagesDecriminalize Drug use Utilitarianism as an example of consequentialism is a moral theory generally considered to have started in the late eighteenth century. In the book Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill he defined the ethical theory stating that â€Å"†¦actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness†(7). The idea behind the theory is that people seek happiness, and that the ultimate goal of all human beings is to be happy.Read MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill854 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Stuart Mill, among other things, was an English philosopher and economist who lived from 1806 to 1873. Mill grew up being immersed in the principles of utilitarianism. Mill’s essay on utilitarianism, titled Utilitarianism, was written to debunk misconceptions of and to provide support for the ideology. Mill’s essay and argument span five chapters, where his discussions range from definitions, misconceptions, re wards, methods, and validity. Utilitarianism is generally held to be the view thatRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Utilitarianism983 Words   |  4 PagesIn Utilitarianism actions are judged right and wrong solely on their consequence, and in order to assess this consequences, the only thing that matters is the amount of happiness and unhappiness caused and by calculating happiness and unhappiness caused, nobody’s happiness counts any more than anybody else’s. Utilitarian ethics is the most common form of ethics used today, it has thrived because two needs have been met by it. Firstly, end-based thinking is common and people have sought to improveRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Utilitarianism1202 Words   |  5 Pages I contend that the philosophy of John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism can be used to show that society should will that genetic enhancement be morally acceptable if the adverse cognitive or emotional effects are outweighed by the benefits. Glannon argues tha t gene enhancement is morally objectionable because â€Å"there would be the unacceptable social cost of some people suffering from adverse cognitive or emotional effects of the enhancement.† Under Utilitarianism, society would likely deem that geneticRead MoreUtilitarianism By John Stuart Mill930 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis Paper 2 In the essay â€Å"Utilitarianism† by John Stuart Mill, he explains his support for utilitarianism and argues any misconceptions of it. In his essay he talks about the difference between higher and lower pleasures and what significance they have in his utilitarian moral theory. His theory is based on the rule that â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.† Many people experience different kinds of pleasure

Nature Is at the Heart of ‘the Darkling Thrush’ and Most of Hardys Most Famous Poems. Essay Example For Students

Nature Is at the Heart of ‘the Darkling Thrush’ and Most of Hardys Most Famous Poems. Essay Nature is at the heart of ‘The Darkling Thrush’ and most of Hardy’s most famous poems. Hardy is a renowned rural poet which suggests that he has a keen interest and knowledge of nature. However, this is not to say that nature is at the heart at every one of his most famous poems – it is sometimes merely a backdrop for other themes, such as war, fate and lost love. Hardy explores human nature in ‘Drummer Hodge’, the downward spiral of mankind using ‘Channel Firing’ and romantic grief in ‘The Voice’. In my opinion this statement implies that all of Hardy’s most famous works are connected to nature. However, such a prolific poet cannot be labelled with such an absolute statement. Although on the surface ‘Darkling Thrush’ appears to focus on the theme of nature, it actually addresses a myriad of themes including mankind being victims of time and Hardy’s apprehension about the uncertainty of the new century. The internal punctuation causes the poem to have an inbuilt awkwardness, ‘an aged thrush, frail, gaunt, and small’, which encapsulates Hardy’s fear of the unknown future and leaving behind the familiarity and heritage of the past in the headlong rush to progress. For a similar purpose Hardy uses an alternate rhyme scheme with a slightly disjointed rhythm; ‘among’ and ‘evensong’, to recreate a sense of uncertainty also found in the work of H. G Wells and Bram Stoker. Hardy uses alliteration in ‘Century’s corpse’ as a symbol of the winter landscape and the end of the century. The landscape is in mourning; ‘the wind his death-lament’, ‘the ancient pulse of germ and birth was shrunken hard and dry’ and ‘his crypt the cloudy canopy’. In the depth of winter, rebirth seems impossible, but Hardy contrasts this with the optimism of the thrush; this symbolises the hope Hardy feels he has lost. Perhaps the ‘aged’ thrush is a representation of himself, although some readers may interpret the use of the bird as nature representing hope in a desolate landscape, others view the text as pessimistic. Therefore Hardy’s use of nature is ambiguous and depends on the reader’s interpretation. In contrast, Hardy’s use of nature in ‘The Convergence of the Twain’ is less mbiguous. Hardy feels that the ‘intimate welding’ of nature and fate has resulted in the ‘jar’ of ‘two hemispheres’; it is ‘human vanity’ or human nature that is at the heart of this text. Hardy highlights the arrogance of society and their pursuit of wealth; qualities that he felt characterised the 19th Century. The poet juxtaposes the opulence of the ‘mirrorsâ €™ and ‘jewels’ with the ‘grotesque’ creatures of the sea; here nature is indifferent to the suffering of mankind. Hardy disapproved of this ‘floating palace’ and like many contemporaries was concerned by the view that it was ‘unsinkable’. The rhythm of the poem echoes the waves and the ship’s inevitable journey towards the iceberg, its ‘sinister mate’. Mankind has no control as fate intertwines with nature, a thought echoed by the punctuation at the end of the poem, ‘said ‘Now! ’ and each one hears’. The classical form shown by the Roman numerals reveals the timelessness of nature’s influence. Although this is a prominent theme of the poem, fate is Hardy’s main concern. The classical form is also found in ‘Drummer Hodge’ to emphasise the timelessness of war, an issue that has plagued society for centuries. It also highlights the eternal ‘dusty loam’ where Hodge is ‘laid to rest’, showing that although nature contributes to the poem, Hardy’s compassion for Hodge and men like him is a more prominent theme at the heart of this poem. The alternate rhyme scheme of the poem reflects the rhythm of Hodge’s drum or his everlasting heartbeat as his ‘homely Northern breast and brain’ has become part of the South African landscape. .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed , .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed .postImageUrl , .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed , .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed:hover , .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed:visited , .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed:active { border:0!important; } .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed:active , .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9aa58f658e9e6b0d95dcafe52ac147ed:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Females And Their Animal Counterparts In Anime Analysis EssayThis is a perfect example of Hardy paying his respects to a supposedly insignificant being, one of the thousands of casualties of the Boer War, and reflects his consideration of the human cost of war, a theme at the heart of many of his war poems. Hardy here shows how out of step he was with his contemporaries, such as Kipling, and paving the way for Owen and Brooke. Although Hardy has no personal experience of war or the South African landscape, he uses jargon, ‘Karoo’ and ‘kopje-crest’ to set the scene, and reveals the horror of war when Hodge is thrown ‘uncoffined – just as found’ to ‘grow to some Southern tree’. The alliteration of ‘strange stars’ emphasises Hodge’s ignorance of the cause for which he has died. ‘Drummer Hodge’ is a prime example of how Hardy employs the theme of nature in a less obvious way, something which features in several of his most famous works. In conclusion, it is clear that as Hardy employs such a wide variety of topics in his poetry, it is extremely difficult to provide an overview for his work. This is not to say Hardy was not a rural poet; in some of his works, such as ‘Weathers’, he focuses entirely on the world he sees around him. Chestnut spikes’, ‘nestlings fly’ and ‘meadow rivulets overflow’ reveal Hardy’s skill at providing snapshots of the natural world. Nevertheless, in most of Hardy’s most famous poems there are significant underlying themes which are apparent in the texts above. There is no one stereotype under which Hardy can be classified; the reader must bea r this in mind when analysing his poetry, and look more deeply into his works rather than only exploring the surface themes.

King Lear Comedy Or Tragedy Essays - King Lear, British Films

King Lear: Comedy or Tragedy? There has been many different views on the plays of William Shakespeare and definitions of what kind of play they were. The two most popular would be the comedy and the tragedy. King Lear to some people may be a comedy because they believe that the play has been over exaggerated. Others would say King Lear was a tragedy because there is so much suffering and chaos. What makes a Shakespearean play a comedy or a tragedy? King Lear would be a tragedy because it meets all the requirements of a tragedy as defined by Andrew Cecil Bradley. Bradley states that a Shakespearean tragedy must have to be the story of the hero and that there is exceptional suffering and calamity slowly being worn in as well as it being contrasted to happier times. The play also depicts the troubled parts in his life and eventually his death that is instantaneous caused by the suffering and calamity. There is the feeling of fear in the play as well, that makes men see how blind they are not knowing when fortune or something else would be on them. The hero must be of a high status on the chain and the hero also possesses a tragic flaw that initiates the tragedy. The fall of the hero is not felt by him alone but creates a chain reaction which affects everything below him. There must also be the element of chance or accident that influences some point in the play. King Lear meets all of these requirements that has been laid out by Bradley which is the most logical for a definition of a tragedy as compared to the definition of a comedy by G. Wilson Knight. The main character of the play would be King Lear who in terms of Bradley would be the hero and hold the highest position is the social chain. Lear out of Pride and anger has banished Cordelia and split the kingdom in half to the two older sisters, Goneril and Regan. This is Lear's tragic flaw which prevents him to see the true faces of people because his pride and anger overrides his judgement. As we see in the first act, Lear does not listen to Kent's plea to see closer to the true faces of his daughters. Kent has hurt Lear's pride by disobeying his order to stay out of his and Cordelia's way when Lear has already warned him, "The bow is bent and drawn, make from the shaft." Kent still disobeys Lear and is banished. Because of this flaw, Lear has initiated the tragedy by disturbing the order in the chain of being by dividing the kingdom, banishing his best servant and daughter, and giving up his thrown. Due to this flaw, Lear has given way to the two older daughters to conspire against him. Lear is finally thrown out of his daughters home and left with a fool, a servant and a beggar. This is when Lear realizes the mistake that he has made and suffers the banishment of his two eldest daughters. Lear is caught in a storm and begins to lose his sanity because he can not bear the treatment of his two daughters as well as the error he has made with Cordelia and Kent. Lear also suffers from rest when he is moving all over the place and the thing that breaks him is the death of his youngest daughter Cordelia. This suffering can be contrasted with other happier times like when Lear was still king and when he was not banished by his two daughters. The feeling of fear is when Lear is in the storm raging against the gods, "I tax not you, you elements, with unkindness. I never gave you kingdom, called you children, you owe me no subscription.", telling them to rage harder since he has not done anything for them and that he didn't deserve what he has received from his two daughters. The fear is how Lear in a short period of time went from king to just a regular peasant and from strong and prideful to weak and unconfident. This shows that men do not hold their own destiny and that even though things may be great now you can be struck down just as fast as was to Lear. The fall of Lear is not just the suffering of one man but the suffering of everyone down the chain. Gloucester loses his status and eyes, Cordelia and Kent banished, and Albany realizing his wife's true heart. Everything that happened to these