The Influences Of Rational Thought On Western Civilization :: Philosophy Ration

The Greek's idea of objective idea is an extremely solid motivation behind why Western Civilization has gotten so compelling on the planet today. During their time, the Greeks prodded a scholarly transformation. They scrutinized the implications of life and started utilizing their brains to grow the world. As indicated by Glenn Blackburn: From numerous points of view, they found the human mind through their way of thinking and reasonable idea [ . . . ](64). Their opening of the psyche affected all lifestyles and society. Significant thoughts bloomed like legislative issues, administering laws, writing, workmanship, history, and new innovations. Logical reasoning was momentous among Greek personalities. Thoughts of arithmetic, space science, engineering, and life structures fascinated people in general. This upheaval of sane idea overwhelmed society and started a progress in Western Civilization since individuals started utilizing motivation to clarify human and regular occasions, as opposed to the divine beings (Blackburn, 67). Indeed, even today, balanced idea is utilized by us all and keeps on impacting society. The intensity of the advanced brain has demonstrated more prominent than some other Greek could have ever anticipated. The production of judicious idea started in the Greek city of Ionia. The residents there were available to new thoughts and impacted by brokers from around the globe. Laws were created by these Ionians and recorded to communicate the desire of their general public. The best and most perceived Ionian mastermind was a man named Thales of Miletues. Thought about one of the seven wises men of the day, Thales considered water and its association with the universe. Blackburn comments that Thales thoughts: mark[ed] a significant change in western logical idea (68). Thales additionally utilized I explanations when he philosophized stamping without precedent for history a human utilized explanation and the judicious psyche. Different thinkers surfaced in Ionia during this period making the investigation of the universe, or universe. They additionally established the investigation of past human undertakings or history. This new thought of levelheaded idea spread to the Greek legislative hall, Athens. Here governmental issues and vote based system detonated. Lawmakers and residents were currently ready to discuss issues and question equity. This type of autonomous reasoning carried extraordinary pride and fearlessness to individuals from the Greek society. This took into consideration enormous triumphs for additional way of thinking, design, workmanship, arithmetic, life systems, natural science, writing, and innovativeness. Among the most acclaimed of the Greek logicians were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

Scrum master Or A Project Manager Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Scrum ace Or A Project Manager. Answer: The likeness of a scrum ace and a task proprietor lies in the way that them two give direction and lead the group to progress. Without the direction of a scrum ace or an undertaking administrator, it turns out to be amazingly hard to satisfy the task destinations. The contrasts between a scrum ace and a venture director is that, scrum ace goes about as a mentor for his groups while venture administrator helps in dealing with the group appropriately. Then again, the item proprietor helps in getting supporters for the task, which makes crafted by an undertaking director and a scrum ace significantly simpler. I figure I would be a superior item proprietor than a scrum ace as I am sure and equipped for building up various working associations with different providers and partners. I have built up a decent association with the senior administration, which would make the task endorsement process simpler. I have a specific involvement with planning also, since have firmly worked in venture planning. Besides, I have a decent administration abilities that would help me in building up a fitting undertaking targets. In this manner, I unequivocally accept that ownership of these characteristics with a little encounter will help me in improving as an item proprietor than a scrum ace.

Managing Catastrophic Thinking in PTSD

Managing Catastrophic Thinking in PTSD PTSD Coping Print Managing Catastrophic Thinking in PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Marc Dufresne / Getty Images People with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often experience cognitive distortions such as catastrophic thinkingâ€"a tendency to expect the worst to happen without considering other possibilities. Cognitive distortions are extreme, exaggerated thoughts that dont match up with the reality of a situation. For example, a woman with  PTSD who was traumatized by rape may have the catastrophic thought that if she goes out on a date, she will be assaulted again. Although that could occur, its much more likely that the date will not feature anything upsettingâ€"it could even go well. But people who struggle with catastrophic thinking typically dont even consider that anything but the worst could happen. Understandably, focusing on the worst-case scenario leads to a good deal of anxiety and stressâ€"and in this case, could cause the woman to refuse the date. How Catastrophic Thinking Develops Living through a traumatic event destroys positive beliefs that people typically have about the world, such as that theyre safe from deliberate harm or, after someone elses traumatic event, that This cant ever happen to me. So it makes sense that someone with PTSD might fall into catastrophic thinking after exposure to a traumatic event: The trauma is viewed as proof that the worst actually can happenâ€"and seen as a sign that only traumatic events will happen from now on. No other possible outcomes are even considered. As time goes on, catastrophic thinking develops into a day-to-day coping strategy designed to help ensure that the person will never be placed in a dangerous situation again. But having catastrophic thoughts over and over can be paralyzing, leading to extreme anxiety, avoidance, and isolation. This may have the effect of undermining the coping strategy. How? By bringing back the persons sense of being constantly in danger and not safe anywhere. How to Manage The first step in managing catastrophic thoughts is knowing when you have them. Self-monitoring can be an excellent way of increasing awareness of your thoughts and the effects they have on your mood and actions. Next, take steps to move your thinking away from extremes. Allow yourself to consider other options. When catastrophic thinking starts, it may be helpful to ask yourself these questions: What evidence do I have that this thought is realistic?What evidence do I have that it isnt?Have there been times when Ive had this thought and it didnt come true?Do I have this kind of thought when Im feeling okay, or when I feel sad, angry, or anxious?What would I tell someone else who was having this thought?Is it possible that Im having this thought just out of habit?What might be a different, more realistic thought in this situation? Asking yourself these types of questions can help you break the habit of catastrophic thinking by learning to be more flexible in considering your options. Youll know youre succeeding when you feel that 1) youre not as anxious as you were before or 2) your anxiety isnt getting any worse. It may also help if you practice mindfulness about your thoughts, which can help weaken their power over your mood. Its easy: When you notice that youre having a catastrophic thought, simply view it as just a thought, nothing elseâ€"just something your mind does when youre feeling a certain way or are faced with a certain situation. Just a habit. You may decide to go out and test how well youre managing your catastrophic thinking. Similar to exposure therapy, the idea is to slowly approach the situations that brought up catastrophic thoughts in the past and see what happens now. If you dont have such thoughts, or they arent as strong and threatening as before, youll know youre making progress. Manage Symptoms With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Getting Treatment If you have many catastrophic thoughts, you may find it helpful to discuss them with a cognitive behavioral therapist. Cognitive-behavior therapy places a strong emphasis on the thoughts people have and how those thoughts influence their emotions and behaviors.

How Does The Group Identity Affect The Participant s...

Research Question: How does the group identity affect the participant’s social preferences? Contributions: Social identity theory was developed by Tajfel and Turner (1979) to understand the psychological basis for intergroup discrimination. After that, many studies such as Tajfel and Turner (1986), Deaux (1996), Shih (1999), Hogg (2003), Benjamin et al. (2006) etc. done in the social identity area. This study has two innovations in comparison to social psychology experiments. First, it uses a much wider class of games to measure the effects of identity on various aspects of social preferences. Second, in spite of social psychology experiments, it uses the real monetary payoffs in the other-other allocation. Moreover, in recent years, numerous studies have been done in economics experiments on group identity. However, Akerlof and Kranton (2000) systematically introduced the identity into economic analysis. In General, this study makes two contributions to the economics literature. First, it introduces a framework for the empirical foundation for incorporating identity into economic models. Second, it reveals practical implications for organization design. Design: This laboratory experiment includes one control and five treatments (Original, RandomWithin, Randombetween, NoChat and NoHelp). The treatment sessions conducted in four stages. In stage 1 (Group Assignment), participants were divided into two groups based on their reported painting preferences over five pairs ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Human Behaviour and Social Norms1593 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: HUMAN BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIAL NORMS Do social norms influence human behaviour? Human behaviour is the response to given stimuli, which are socially and environmentally affected. This response is something that can easily be influenced and shaped through many personal, situational, social, biological, mental factors. In this essay the case of social norms influencing human behaviour will be analyzed using previous studies. Social norms are part of a larger influentialRead MoreExploring The Personality Traits Of People Who Have Materialistic Values And Goals8413 Words   |  34 Pagesand how it affects self esteem, mood and identity, values, ethics, and spirituality. I will also discuss how people manage money and accept financial responsibility is often based on media and advertising. Media and advertising also affects spending and priorities in children, adolescents, and adults. Wanting to have material objects is not the problem. Materialism becomes a problem when it interferes with academics and learning, adults in the workplace, and includes social skills, social responsibilityRead More The Effect of Music on Psychology and Behavior Essay2703 Words   |  11 Pageseffects music has on ones behavior, and how it’s related to Psychology. The truth has never really been verified among common knowledge, but it’s usually something that intrigues people. They say heavy metal and rap can make teenagers violent, sad and depressing music can make teenagers sad and depressed, and some say it’s best to listen to classical music when doing schoolwork because it makes your brain more active. There have been many people that reported how music has effects on their behaviorRead More Critical Review of Helping Students Meet the Challenges of Academic Writing by Fernsten and Reda 1386 Words   |  6 Pages ‘Helping students meet the c hallenges of academic writing’ by Fernsten and Reda is an interesting study how reflective writing practices can be useful for marginalized students, who are struggling with â€Å"negative writer self-identity. 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Montano Brandman University SOCIAL MEDIA ADOLESCENTS 2 Abstract This paper examines the affect social media has on adolescents, ranging from ages 12-18. It is argued that social media has both positive and negative influences on todays youth. The aspect of social media being researched would involve how social media is being utilized. Through the research of

Essay Living in Utopia - 517 Words

Living in Utopia Private property is abolished in Utopia, and society is communally organized in such a way that there is no shortage and that everyone has work, food, a home and opportunities for cultural expression. Sounds great, eh? Would you like to live there, and if not, why? Your answer should take account of Mores context (why he wrote Utopia?) and should be supported by reference to the text. In Thomas Mores Utopia life is very structured there is no crime or prejudices. The people live everyday the same as the last. They dress the same, live in houses that are all designed the same, have very strictly scheduled workdays, and very regulated family life. Whatever you may think of their doctrines, you wont find†¦show more content†¦All of the houses consist of a front door, which leads to the street, and a back door that leads into a garden. These doors are double swing-doors that open easily and close behind you. The homes consist of these types of swinging doors so that anyone can go in and out when they please. Not only are all the houses designed the same but all the people also dress alike. Everyone wears the same sort of clothes-except that they vary slightly according to sex and marital status. Their fashion never changes either therefore there are no tailors or dressmakers. The outfits are very simple and loose. They dont need to be wearing anyth ing fancy because everyone looks the same. The working days are scheduled to a tee. The people must work six-hour days, three hours in the morning, and then they get lunch. After lunch they get a two-hour break then they have to finish off their workday with three more hours in the afternoon. After work everyone goes home for supper and then they have some free time. Bedtime is 8 oclock sharp and everyone must sleep for eight hours. The time that is not already planned out for them, they are free to do whatever they want, but this time must be used wisely. The family organization is quite interesting considering they actually keep track of the amount of people in your home. There is a law that states that no household shall consist of less than ten or more than sixteen adults. WhenShow MoreRelatedLiving in a Utopia Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesLiving in a Utopia This house beli eves that realised anarchy, as a political idea is the way to create a perfect society. Imagine a future utopia of our species: A global community of humanity, which will have overcome the disunity of its primitive origin. A united human race, without boundaries dividing it against itself, living harmoniously with itself and with all Nature. ARead MoreMy Vision Of My Utopia989 Words   |  4 Pagesyou could have the power to create your own utopia, what do you envision? There are a vast amount of utopias that one could build, but since imagination is the only source as of now, what characteristics would I consider for my own? There are many questions that might run through one’s head, like for example: What will the utopia look like? What is the social mechanism within this society? Finally, how will everyone eat since no one starves in a utopia? While there are tons of other questions toRead MoreSimilarities Between The Truman Show And Animal Farm1717 Words   |  7 PagesHow should power be balanced out amongst a society? What balance of power can result in a beautiful utopia? How can we all lead a good life without stripping others of their own? The answers to these questions must be known if we want to lead a good, functioning society today and the answers can be found in the book, Animal Farm, written by George Orwell and the movie, The Truman Show, directed by Peter Weir. Both fictional stories help us understand where we need to set boundaries in our lives andRead MoreA Utopia By George Orwell1477 Words   |  6 Pagesthe society that americans live in now demonstrate a utopia, therefore, they also demonstrate a dystopia. A utopia is a perfect world in which there are no problems like war, disease, poverty, oppression, discrimination, inequality, and more universal problems existing. A dystopia is a world in which nothing is perfect. Problems are extreme things are dysfunctional and problematic. A utopia does not turn into a dystopia until the people living in that society do not live authentic lives. Until theyRead MoreRole Of Uniformity In Utopia1019 Words   |  5 Pages The Role of Uniformity in Utopia Utopia by Thomas More creates a unique opportunity for readers to examine the society of a fictional island filled with practices out of the collective norms. More’s Utopia written in 1516, addresses the customs, faith, and politics of a fictional island. Utopia is described by traveling philosopher Hythloday as a perfect society that values sameness and old traditions. Utopia, a crescent-shaped island built by General Utopus, is 500 miles of uniformity inRead MoreA Utopia Sounds Like A Wonderful Thing1433 Words   |  6 PagesFYS Final A utopia sounds like a wonderful thing. The Oxford English Dictionary defines â€Å"utopia† as an â€Å"imagined or hypothetical place, system, or state of existence in which everything is perfect, esp. in respect of social structure, laws, and politics.† (OED, 2015, entry 2) But what happens when someone tries to bring this imagined land of perfection into reality? Both in fictional literature and in real life applications, utopian dreams destroy societies. The word utopia originates from SirRead MoreThe Perfect Society In Sir Thomas Mores Utopia790 Words   |  4 Pages What is a Utopia? When people think of the term Utopia they think of an ideal or perfect Society. In Sir Thomas More’s â€Å"Utopia† we are introduced to such a society. However, today’s reader can see that the society More’s mention’s is filled with many underlying problems that make it seem less ideal or perfect, because it puts too much stress on the freedom’s and rights of its citizens. Such an act is detrimental in creating a utopia, because if the citizens are not happy with their freedom’s andRead MoreHumans Are Naturally Born Imperfect1680 Words   |  7 Pagesourselves to choose the morally right choice when it comes to living in a world that functions upon laws, and standards. It is within the government, and communities to set these laws, and standards in such a way, that no matter which good, or â€Å"bad† (less than morally good choice, but not considered unmoral) is chosen by a human, they are still considered per fect. 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Let me first explain what utopia and dystopia is. First off, utopia is a society that is considered perfect, a perfect world, no problems what so ever. The idea of utopia is basically a society that is equal. As for dystopia, it is the exact opposite of utopia. It’s a ruled society by the military and government, the

The Rise and Spread of Islam Free Essays

The rise and appeal of Islam can be attributed to many factors. Islam became popular because of the Qur’an, Muhammad’s personality, the immense faith among the early followers, it’s logical and clear principles and that those principles were consistent and logical (al-Islam). It was because of Mohammed’s personality that created the interest in Islam; the religion was not immediately popular when it was first introduced. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise and Spread of Islam or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was only after Muhammad and his followers left their home for Medina, where the population welcomed Muhammad and the Muslims. Only after Muhammad became famous was he able to garner more followers and converts to Islam (World History Connections To Today, 257). Islam’s believers increased on a daily basis because of the caliphs and their agendas. Islam exploded rapidly during the times of the caliphate through successful military conquests. The campaigns were so successful and far-reaching, that by 750 AD, Muslims controlled land from present-day Iran in the east to present-day Portugal in the west and in North Africa to the south (World History Connections To Today, 260). Many people remained loyal to the religion after the empire detiorated because of the clear principle of the belief in one God. There were no others next to him, just prophets. There were also no conflicts within the religious teachings and the principle of treating all creatures with respect resonated within its followers. It was rare to have religious tolerance practiced toward different religions, yet the Qur’an celebrated it (al-Islam). Muhammad’s popularity was the primary attraction to Islam, but its message, principles and duties is what has kept the religion together throughout many centuries. People are still dutifully performing the requirements set forth in the five pillars which are, accepting God as the one true God, performing daily prayers, giving to the poor, fasting during Ramadan and the pilgrimage to Mecca (World History Connections To Today, 258). Many factors had to congeal to form the Muslim faith, and it will continue to be strong as long as the basic tenets of the religion are held sacred. Works Cited Guertin, Wilson H. , and, Mohammed J. Chirri. â€Å"Why Is Islam Popular? † al-Islam. 2 January 2009 http://www. al-islam. org/inquiries/3. html. World History Connections to Today. Teacher’s ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Simon Schuster, 1999. Charlemagne, Contributions and the Church Charlemagne and the Carolingians contributed many legal and enlightening influences over the empire. He helped spread Christianity and sent out officials to ensure justice was met according to his laws (World History Connections To Today, 188). Improvements were also implemented in the educational sphere. Charlemagne ensured his officials maintained accurate records and even had a scholar from York named Alcuin set up a school based on the Latin curriculum. In turn, Alcuin hired scholars to copy ancient works which would be used as textbooks for almost 1000 years (World History Connections To Today, 189). The Carolingian’s ensured that educational advancements were taken seriously and as a result, there was a large exchange of information amongst schools, clerics and the court. Learning increased under the Carolingians where scholars and monks collected, copied and spread the ancient works. A type of library exchange occurred where authors would loan works and borrow books also (Schools Empire). Still under the Carolingian empire, Charlemagne was part of a groundbreaking occurrence when Pope Leo III crowned him â€Å"emperor. † The pope’s crowning implied that Charlemagne was the sole ruler of the Christian Roman Empire, a ruling that reverberated through Christendom. The crowning caused dissention between the eastern and western Christians and the Roman Catholic popes and subsequent German emperors. The split between the eastern and western churches happened because the head of the eastern empire in Constantinople was not pleased that Charlemagne was chosen as the sole head of the Christian empire (World History Connections To Today, 188). Even though Charlemagne’s kingdom deteriorated after his death, his positive reforms continued to help people (World History Connections To Today, 188). Works Cited â€Å"Schools of Carolingian Times. † School Empire. 12 January 2009 http://schoolsempire. netfirms. com/otschol. htm World History Connections to Today. Teacher’s ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Simon Schuster, 1999. Cathedrals and the Church The Roman Catholic Church and empire became very powerful and wealthy during the medieval period, therefore they built immense cathedrals to exhibit their wealth, their devotion to God and their tithing duties (World History Connections To Today, 227). Tithes were supposed to comprise 10% of a person’s income, so the wealthier a person was, the more money he or she would donate to the church (World History Connections To Today, 197). The cathedrals became a book for the teachings of the Bible and they exhibited civic pride within the community (Hilton, 1). Eventually, cathedrals became even more elaborate and began to acquire carved sculptures that depicted Bible stories to aid the uneducated, illiterate population in understanding the teachings of the Bible (World History Connections To Today, 228). Wealthy and devout congregations enabled grander and grander cathedrals to be built while the Roman Catholic Church became more powerful and more influential over its congregation. Cathedrals were even able to function as currency; some were laden with jewels so that in times of hardship, the church simply picked them out of the architecture and sold them for money (Hilton, 4). Since cathedrals were erected to exhibit devotion shows just how entrenched the church’s authority was within medieval life. The cathedrals’ and the community were governed by canon law, which were religious teachings that also governed everyday life (World History Connections To Today, 196). The church wielded absolute power and if a person violated canon law, he or she could be excommunicated, which would ban him or her from receiving the sacraments, being shunned by their peers and losing the right to a Christian burial (World History Connections To Today, 196). The church was also the hub of the village’s social life and even had theater performances and concerts held within it (Hilton, 5). The cathedral may have existed to show man’s devotion to God and as a means of educating the illiterate population, but its other function as a social center made them absolutely necessary. Works Cited Hilton, Alice. â€Å"How to Read the Great Cathedrals of Europe. † New York Times 19 April 1981. World History Connections to Today. Teacher’s ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Simon Schuster, 1999. Feudalism In feudalism, the nobility were comprised of several classes, the top of the hierarchy being the nobles. The ruler was the head and then there were the dukes, counts and knights. Knights were noblemen who left home at seven in order to learn how to ride, how to take care of their armor and how to fight. When a â€Å"trainee† turned 21, he became a knight. Knights existed to protect the lord and his land, which included the women and the peasants (World History Connections To Today, 192). The noblewoman’s education incorporated learning in the womanly crafts before she could be considered for marriage. Her learning consisted on knowing how to spin, how to weave and how to supervise servants. Her wifely duties were bearing many children, remaining loyal to her husband and to watch the manor while the man was away (World History Connections To Today, 193). The lord’s land was worked several days a week by peasants who received protection and housing from the lord, but were granted permission to work a small patch of land to farm for themselves. They were bound to the lord’s land and had to ask permission to leave it. If another family bought the manor, the serfs were included with it and thus, they had a new lord. In addition to working the lord’s land, they also made repairs around the manor. Peasants did not get free housing and free protection; they had to pay the lord when marrying, inheriting acres or using the mill to grind grain. The short supply of money meant that the payments were commonly in the form of chickens, eggs, grain, etc. (World History Connections To Today, 194). The clergy attended to the community and God. They were monks and nuns who rescinded their worldly lifestyle to become devoted to the spiritual one. They took oaths of poverty and vows of chastity, purity or obedience. Their main duties were prayer and worship and to provide basic social services to community like tending to the sick and impoverished. They were not completely cloistered; some became missionaries to spread Christianity and good works even further. (World History Connections To Today, 198). Therefore, everyone under the feudal system had a job. The nobles and knights gave shelter and protection, the noblewomen tended the manor, the peasants worked the land and the clergy assisted the village. How to cite The Rise and Spread of Islam, Papers

EOHS Law for Work Injury Compensation Act - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEOHS Law for Work Injury Compensation Act. Answer: The employee has the right to make an objection against the assessment made by the Ministry of Manpower. The claim can be made within 14 days since the Notice of Assessment has been received by employee. In the given situation jack can be raise a claim if he is not satisfied in relation to the salary which has been disclosed by the employer to MOM. The employer discloses less salary so that the amount of compensation can be reduced. In addition jack can also make a claim if he believes that the assessment of the injury cause do him has not been done correctly as he has the right to dispute the assessment. Thus in the given situation where Jack is dissatisfied with the assessment made by the MOM he can file a dispute with the commissioner of labor in relation to his salary being underreported and the medical report which have been submitted by the doctor is not appropriate (1). A work injury claim can be disputed by an employer or there insurer within a time span of 14 days since the notice of assessment has been provided. In the given situation the employer has the right to claim that the assessor did not take into account the fact that the injury could have been caused due to a pre-existing disease to Jack and not the accident. In such situation it is not the liability of the employer to fully compensate jack for the injuries which have resulted out of a pre-existing disease and in relation to such right the employer can file a dispute to redo the medical assessment. Objections can include the question that whether the disease or injury is related to work or whether the Average monthly income which has been provided through the notice of assessment is appropriate. For the purpose of filing an objection the employer or the employee have to fill up the objection form attached with the NOA and such form has to be mailed or emailed to the case officer. The employees who had been subjected to Injury in relation to work have the option of choosing between a claim under the Work Injury Compensation Act and a common law claim. Both the types of claim are different from each other in relation to the process of making, withdrawing and the deadlines. The main differences between common law claim and a claim under WICA are as follows. For the purpose of making a claim under WICA the claim has to made to the MOM and will be decided by the assistant commissioner. The claim under common law can be made either to the high court or the states courts. In case of a common law claim the dispute would be adjudged by the court. In case of a claim under the WICA there is no need of a lawyer. The engagement of a lawyer is not mandatory as a lawyer is not required to complete the process of making a claim. The MOM itself guides a person making a claim through the process. However the information and guidance provided by the MOM are not given in form of a legal advice. In case of a common law claim a person requires a lawyer who needs to be paid the legal fees. When an injury claim is made under the WICA the amount of compensation which can be claimed is restricted to limits and has a set formula to be determined. On the other hand the compensation which is provided by the court has no fixed limit or formula to be determined. However the compensation is based on the provisions provided by the precedents and damages needs to be provided before the court for availing compensation. In case of the WICA proof is needed for the purpose of proving the claim. It has to be provided by the person making the claim that the injury or disease is related to work. There is no requirement of proving that there was negligence or fault on the part of the others. In case of a common law claim it has to be provided before the court that the other party was at fault and the three elements of negligence Duty of Care, Breach of Duty of care and causatio n has to be established. The suit which has been filed under WICA or common law can be withdrawn within one year since the accident has taken place. The civil claim can be filed only before the NOA has been provided by the MOM. The claim can also be withdrawn in 14 days where there is no dispute and 28 days in case of a dispute. Special damages are used by the court for the purpose of compensating the plaintiff for any quantifiable monetary losses. It is advisable to divide personal injury claims into consequential and incidental special damages claim. However there are certain restrictions in relation to obtaining compensation with respect to a special claim. Under WICA, compulsory insurance by employer and payment should be paid by insurance company. In addition jack has to prove the intention of the employer to recover $42000 from him in form of loans and advances. A special damages claim can be claimed if such damages are reasonably foreseeable. In the given situation special damages claim has been made by Jack as he predicts that the $42000 directed towards his injury would be charged by the employer in form of loans and advanced. In the given situation the insurers have the right to argue that the damages which are being claimed by Jack are not reasonably foreseeable. He cannot claim under WICA and Com mon law. It may also be argued by the insurers that claim which is made by Jack is not credible. In the case of Chang Mui Hoon v Lim Bee Leng [2013]SGHCR17 a claim for special damages had been filed by the plaintiff in Singapore which was rejected because it was not reasonable (2). In relation to the given scenario for the purpose of establishing negligence Lucy has to prove that the four essential elements of negligence were present with respect to the incident. The major elements of negligence are as follows Duty of care Breach of the duty of care Causation Remoteness of damages Duty of care- the theory for duty of care was given by the British case of Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 522. The neighbor principle had been provided by this case which rules that a person must act as a good neighbor and protect any other person by taking precautions who may be reasonably injured by his actions (3). In Singapore the theory has been used in the case of Pang Koi Fa v Lim Djoe Phing [1993] 2 SLR (R) 366 (4). The fundamental principles related to the duty of care provide that a person (A) would be deemed to owe a duty of care towards any person (B) if As action can reasonably cause harm to B. The test for determining the duty of care known as the caprao test is also based on such principles as provided in the case of Caparo Industries pIc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 (5) Breach of duty of care - the duty which is owed by A has to B has to be violated or breached for the purpose of establishing negligence. A duty is violated or not is analyzed by implementing the objective test which has been stated in the case of Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing. N.C. 467 (6). According to the test if increased and enhanced safety measures are taken by a reasonable person in the same circumstances which had not been taken by A than B has violated the duty of care Causation- causation or better known as factual causation is also required to establish a negligence claim. According to the principles of causation the harm has to result out of the breach or violation of the duty of care. In case the harm is not caused directly or indirectly due to the Breach in the duty of care the concept of negligence would not be established. Remoteness- Remoteness is assessed for the purpose of determining damages in case of negligence. According to the principles of remoteness if the injury is too remote a claim for negligence cannot be made. Thus Lucy must prove that there was a duty of care which has been violated and the harm has resulted out of such violation and is not too remote. Issue The issue in this case is to determine whether Lucy can bring an action against Mark Rule For the purpose identifying whether Lucy can bring a claim against Mark it has to be proved that Mark owes a duty of care to Lucy. According to the principles of duty of care if a person can foresee the other getting injured due to ones actions a duty of care is owed by such person. The duty of care can also be established through the application of the neighbor principle or the caparo test. Application Through the application of the test in this situation it can be analyzed that a reasonable person in the position of Mark would know while driving his actions could injure the pedestrians. In addition to ensure that the duty is not breached Mark must have ensured that he checked everything was ok with the car when he left out of the garage. Thus Mark has violated the duty and injury has been cased to Lucy Conclusion Lucy can make a claim against Mark Issue Can Lucy make a claim against Abacus Garage Rule For the purpose identifying whether Lucy can bring a claim against Abacus Garage it has to be proved that Abacus Garage owes a duty of care to Lucy. According to the principles of duty of care if a person can foresee the other getting injured due to ones actions a duty of care is owed by such person. The duty of care can also be established through the application of the neighbor principle or the caparo test. The duty of care as per the objective test is violated if a reasonable person would have taken more precautions Application In the given situation if a reasonable person is paced in the situation of Abacus Garage he would be able to foresee that of breaks are not fixed the driver or any other person or property on the road may get injured. Thus there was a duty of care. The duty of care was violated as the breaks were not fixed the injury would not have been caused to Lucy if the duty was not violated Conclusion Lucy can bring a claim against Abacus Garage Issue Can Lucy bring a claim against the hospital Rules In the case of Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital [1969] 1 QB 428 (7) it had the relative of the plaintiff was suffering from a terminal disease and had went to the hospital. The doctor advised the patient to go home. The patient died and a claim for negligence against the doctor had been brought by the relative. It was held by the court that negligence would only have occurred if the patient had not died if the doctor would have treated him. As the plaintiff would have died any way there was no negligence. The test provided by the court in this case was known as the But for test. Application In the given situation it can be determined through the application of the rules related to the duty of care that the hospital owed a duty of care to Lucy as it could be foreseen that the actions of the hospital may injure Lucy. The duty was breached by not giving her priority as a reasonable person would have treated the injury immediately. In the given situation through the application of the rules provided in the Barnett v Chelsea case it can be stated that Lucy would not have been injured if the hospital would have been more careful towards treating her injuries. She would have avoided permanent paralysis if she would have been immediately treated by the hospital. It was only because of the negligence of the hospital that Lucy was not able to get up and suffered paralysis. Thus it can be evidently stated that there was negligence on the part of the hospital in relation to Lucy. Conclusion As negligence has been established Lucy can make a claim against Abacus Garage. References The Work Injury Compensation Act 2016 Chang Mui Hoon v Lim Bee Leng [2013] SGHCR 17 Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 522 Pang Koi Fa v Lim Djoe Phing [1993] 2 SLR (R) 366. Caparo Industries pIc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing. N.C. 467 Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital [1969] 1 QB 428